McKenzie Journey Essays - Zoroastrianism, Religion, Theism, Yazatas

McKenzie Journey World Religions 160 10/26/16 Zoroastrianism Zoroastrianism or natively known as, Mazdayasna, is one of the world's oldest monotheistic religions. It stemmed from ancient Asian countries and continued to spread across the nation. With only about 200,000 followers today, and 80% of them living in India, Zoroastrianism is a complex and intellectual religion. The ancient history of Zoroastrianism is very important when trying to understand the religion. Zoroastrianism is believed to of began around 600 to 650 CE. It started in central Asia and began to spread to other colonies and tribes. It next was spread across the Iranian plateau, here it was adopted by two Iranian tribes, the Medes and Persians. This religion was then colonialized and spread to nearby areas for hundreds of years under the Persian dynasties, Achaemenid, Parthian, and Sassanid. During 900 CE the Zoroastrians split off into two groups, the Iranis, who stayed in Iran, and the Parsis, who left and established in India. Here, it began to flourish and be practiced continuously. Religion is much more than just believing in a god or higher power. There is an origin and the start of worship from a single being who believed in a particular deity. The Zoroastrian religion contains both monotheistic and dualism when obtaining to their god. This can be traced back to the prophet Zarathustra. When Zarathustra called Zoroastrianism the good religion. Zarathustra worshiped Ahura Mazda, Ahura Mazda's revelation was recorded in the scared writing of the Avesta. Zoroastrianism is also said to come from an older Aryan tradition that is formed on the foundation of the Vedic religion in India. The people who worship Ahura Mazda are called the Mazdeans or Zoroastrians. Ahura Mazda is called the Wise Lord, and is the ultimate principle of worship in the Zoroastrian religion. The very start of the religion began by Ahura Mazda bringing together two worlds, the menog, world or thought, and the getig, world of bones or living beings. These worlds are often called the spiritual and the physical worlds. Menog is apprehended by thought and getig is apprehended by the senses. Together, these worlds make up the order of the universe. The Wise Lord is said to be the eternal source of light for the two worlds. This is why the Zoroastrians pray in front of a source of light, it activates the connection between the getig and the menog. Getig is where fire exists and menog is where illumination arises. Since Ahura Mazda means Wise Lord, there is a close connection between wisdom, symbolized by light, and worship, centering on light. Fire worship is said to enhance human wisdom, if you are invested with wisdom, you then can freely choose to act by the Good Religion. Meaning, thinking good thoughts, speaking good speech, and doing good deeds. This will help maintain the order in the worlds, it also spreads Wise Lord's illumination. When Ahura Mazda made the two worlds, two forces came into existence, the Holy Entity and the Hostile Entity. These forces are called the cosmic twins: Spenta Mainyu and Angra Mainyu. In Getig, the world of bones, these cosmic twins represent truth and lie. The twins are always in constant battle with one another. Angra Mainyu is the force of darkness in Getig while Spenta Mainyu is the force of illumination, the religious followers of Zoroastrianism are always free to choose which twin they would like to associate themselves with. Spenta Mainyu has helper entities, holy immortals and also called, Amesha Spentas. The Amesha Spentas distribute positive forces through the spiritual world of thought and physical world of the living. Zoroastrians try to develop the qualities of the Amesha Spentas. While Angra Mainyu also has helper entities called Daivas. The Daivas are related with desire, wrath, bad thoughts, idolatry, and pollution. Followers who choose to fight on the side on Angr a Mainyu are pursued as being confused. The Good Religion wants everyone to gain wisdom, and eventually ally themselves with Spenta Mainyu, the life giving twin, instead if Angra. Religion can be practiced and exercised in many different ways. Here are a few ways Zoroastrianism is expressed. There are four Zoroastrian values that are very important to the religion.

Hybrid Wars

Hybrid Wars , economic, and social reasons. For instance, the non-governmental and international organization in states may comprise of civilians who are not only ill-equipped, but are also unable to work in hostile environment. Bond notes that such hostile environment could be regions where both the government authorities and militia organization compete for control. Therefore, the affected population may capture the vested interest of their region and join either of the forces through irregular practices thereby contributing to hybrid warfare. Conclusion In conclusion, neglecting the root causes of hybrid war among the non-states actors or nation-states and the general population will continuously lead to international conflict. There is the need to identify and address the underlying contributing factors to hybrid wars that continue to threaten the global economy, security, and peace. It is important for the international communities to put the interest of the population first at the expense of their national interest or self-interest. This way, the international community would be able to effectively address the un-ending unrest that results into continued hybrid wars.

A Biographical Sketch of William Morris Davis

A Biographical Sketch of William Morris Davis William Morris Davis is often called the Father of American Geography for his work in not only helping to establish geography as an academic discipline but also for his advancement of physical geography and the development of geomorphology. Life and Career Davis was born in Philadelphia in 1850. At the age of 19, he earned his bachelors degree from Harvard University and one year later earned his Masters degree in engineering. Davis then spent three years working at Argentinas meteorological observatory and subsequently returned to Harvard to study geology and physical geography. In 1878, Davis was appointed an instructor in physical geography at Harvard and by 1885 became a full professor. Davis continued to teach at Harvard until his retirement in 1912. Following his retirement, he occupied several visiting scholar positions at universities across the United States. Davis died in Pasadena, California in 1934. Geography William Morris Davis was very excited about the discipline of geography; he worked hard to increase its recognition. In the 1890s, Davis was an influential member of a committee that helped to establish geography standards in the public schools. Davis and the committee felt that geography needed to be treated as a general science in primary and secondary schools and these ideas were adopted. Unfortunately, after a decade of the new geography, it slipped back to being rote knowledge of place names and eventually disappeared into the bowels of social studies. Davis also helped to build geography up at the university level. In addition to training some of Americas foremost geographers of the twentieth century (such as Mark Jefferson, Isaiah Bowman, and Ellsworth Huntington), Davis helped to found the Association of American Geographers (AAG). Recognizing the need for an academic organization composed of academics trained in geography, Davis met with other geographers and formed the AAG in 1904. Davis served as the AAGs first president in 1904 and was reelected in 1905, and ultimately served a third term in 1909. Though Davis was very influential in the development of geography as a whole, he is probably best known for his work in geomorphology. Geomorphology Geomorphology is the study of the earths landforms. William Morris Davis founded this subfield of geography. Though at his time the traditional idea of the development of landforms was through the great biblical flood, Davis and others began to believe that other factors were responsible for shaping the earth. Davis developed a theory of landform creation and erosion, which he called the geographical cycle. This theory is more commonly known as the cycle of erosion, or more properly, the geomorphic cycle. His theory explained that mountains and landforms are created, mature, and then become old. He explained that the cycle begins with the uplift of mountains. Rivers and streams begin to create V-shaped valleys among the mountains (the stage called youth). During this first stage, the relief is steepest and most irregular. Over time, the streams are able to carve wider valleys (maturity) and then begin to meander, leaving only gently rolling hills (old age). Finally, all that is left is a flat, level plain at the lowest elevation possible (called the base level.) This plain was called by Davis a peneplain, which means almost a plain for a plain is actually a completely flat surface). Then, rejuvenation occurs and there is another uplift of mountains and the cycle continues. Though Davis theory is not entirely accurate, it was quite revolutionary and outstanding at its time and helped to modernize physical geography and create the field of geomorphology. The real world is not quite as orderly as Davis cycles and,  certainly, erosion occurs during the uplift process. However, Davis message was communicated quite well to other scientists through the excellent sketches and illustrations that were included in Davis publications. In all, Davis published over 500 works though he never earned his Ph.D. Davis was certainly one of the greatest academic geographers of the century. He is not only responsible for that which he accomplished during his lifetime, but also for the outstanding work done across geography by his disciples.

E-Government Literature Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 17000 words

E-Government Literature Review - Essay Example g political combine, but the government has to take care of the interest of its citizens in other countries or regions, undertake infrastructure developmental activities and frame policies for effective control on the affairs. One understanding of government is a notion of public social control, logically related to responsiveness in handling the affairs of the state (McGarrell et al. 1997). Indeed, government exits in different forms depending upon the acceptability within the territory. In establishing a working definition, the research contained herein takes on a pragmatic understanding of government; in the contextual frame of working government definitions, this understanding is a broad reaching approach. Influenced by Drapeau (2009), government is ultimately understood in five different ways: iii. Government as a Partner: Government is supposed to work towards developing the municipality, the state or the country by soliciting active support and cooperation of its citizens, organizations and like-minded political affiliations As government is composed of citizens, it is necessary to consider the nature of citizenship. Someone who is an authorized resident of a territory, state or country is termed as the citizen of that particular region. Respective government makes efforts to ensure distinctive rights and privileges for their citizens in order to make them happy and seek their active cooperation in nation building. For example, the UK government came out with the attempts to propose an â€Å"entitlement card† for its authorized citizens in order to relate the rights and entitlements of their citizenship. This is being done with the help of standard biometric identification cards for British citizens (Beynon-Davies, 2007). This indicates the kind of importance attached with being a citizen of the country. Today, we are living in the era of globalization, which is marked by freer movement of people across boundaries, in different states and countries.

Namaste solar case study Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 9250 words

Namaste solar case study - Dissertation Example If the current scenario continues the oil reserves will soon be exhausted. Moreover use of oil leads to flow of precious foreign reserves from the developing countries and sheds a negative impact on the balance of payments of an economy apart from causing environmental hazards. With increasing awareness the use of bio-fuel is increasing. Environmentalists opine that use of bio-fuel sheds less effect on the climate and decision makers reveal use of bio-fuel can lessen the pressure on balance of payments. The primary and major emission gas for Greenhouse Gases is carbon dioxide (CO2). When the carbon dioxide goes into atmosphere and changes the weather conditions, the bio-diversity will decrease through increase in temperature. 1.2 Types of energy 1.2.1 Renewable energy The introduction of bio-fuels will increase the prices of foods and also reduces the availability of food. The shortage of supply of food can be countered by increasing the productivity of agriculture. The bio-fuels obt ained from food crops are economically viable when the food prices are low and the prices of fuel are high. The globe witnessed high energy prices in 2000. The bio-fuel was made profitable with high energy prices coupled with low prices of food. The rise in prices of corn can lead to big losses for the processors of corn bio-fuels. The emerging markets of bio-fuels will provide new markets for forest resources and the net benefits will get accrued the local economies. The industries selling forest products are also likely to get benefitted. The negative effects will vary across regions. Bio-fuels can be utilized in electricity generation in the decades to come. The global industry of bio-power will bring enhanced prospects to the economy filled with natural resources. China, India, Latin America and Africa are the major gainers from the energy saved by improved cook stoves. China has saved 40 to 59 percent of its energy consumption by bringing 20 to 30 percent improvements in fuel e fficiency. Energy is needed for poverty alleviation in the developing countries. However, with the rise in income levels, a shift in trend of preferences has been noticed. Modernization of agriculture will provide spaces for biomass energy production (Zilberman, Rajagopal, Sexton, Hochman, 2008). 1.2.2 Non renewable energy The total green house emitted by some individual, product or organizations is termed as carbon footprint. It is difficult to calculate the total amount of carbon footprint due to unavailability of data. Carbon accounting is used to assess the GHG emissions of a nation or organization. Population, carbon intensity in the economy and economic output are the main influences behind carbon footprint. In order to decrease the level of carbon footprints, these agents are the target of individuals. If the size of the carbon footprints is known, strategies can be taken with the aim to reduce it with

Patriarchy And Violence Against Women Essay Example for Free

Patriarchy And Violence Against Women Essay Author Charlotte Perkins Gilman in her The Man-made World or Our Androcentric Culture (1911) presents the most comprehensive statement of her overall theory. In it she argues that we live in a patriarchy or what she calls an androcentric, male-centered society and that our culture in all its aspects reflects this androcentric bias. Gilman sees this bias as destructive because the male sensitivity is destructive. A woman-centered, or better a mother-centered, world would be very different, because it would express the positive, benign character pf women’s sensitivities. In this work, and in His Religion and Hers, Gilman presents her most extreme statement of the radical differences between men and women. These differences she attributes to prehistoric roles assigned the two sexes. The male naturally fights, and naturally crows, triumphs over his rival and takes the prize—therefore, he was made male. Maleness means â€Å"war† (92) while the basic feminine impulse is to gather, to put together, to construct; the basic masculine impulse to scatter, to disseminate, to destroy† (114). A male-centered culture reflects these negative masculine concerns in nearly every area of expression. Some of Gilman’s most original contributions to feminist theory are contained in her discussion of the ideological warp impressed upon language, art, literature, sports, education, government and religion by the androcentric perspective. While public society is organized as a democracy, the man-made home remainsâ€Å"despotism. † â€Å"The male is esteemed the ‘head of the family’; it belongs to him; he maintains it; and the rest of the world is a wide hunting ground and battlefield wherein he competes with other males as of old† (41). In the â€Å"proprietary family† of the patriarchate, women remain men’s property in the household; they are little more than objects whose purpose is â€Å"first and foremost†¦ a means of pleasure to him† (32). Every law and custom† of the â€Å"family relation† is arranged from the masculine viewpoint (35). â€Å"From this same viewpoint†¦ comes the requirement that the woman shall serve the man. † (35). A greater challenge occurs when campaigns to improve gender equality by promoting the well-being of the marginalized are conducted in sync with trade and development policies that favor the economically strong multinationals and compromise the welfare of the lowly locals, particularly the helpless women and children. We ought to remember that sexism and patriarchy are all manifestations of a power struggle between the strong and the weak, the same kind of struggle linked to globalization and trade liberalization today. Patriarchy involves an imbalance of power between man and woman leading to unequal roles and benefits, a situation that can be seen in a larger context between the developing and the industrialized economies, as the latter’s efforts to spread globalization and to weaken the former’s trade laws also leads to unequal gains. Globalization’s capitalistic intent, although beneficial in several ways since it brings development to poorer states, may be cultural imperialism dressed in new clothes when the more powerful party uses its stronger bargaining authority to manipulate or exploit. (Gilman) â€Å"In no developing region do women experience equality with men. † This clear-cut statement from the World Bank, the reputed international monetary institution, relays one of the most apparent yet often overlooked realities of our time—gender inequality. Gender inequality is a significant social concern that deserves to be analyzed with the utmost diligence using both empirical and scholastic evidences. This inequality is deeply entangled in the fabric of the everyday lives of many men and women, and it has been in existence since time immemorial. Gender inequality, from its very name, implies an uneven treatment based on one’s gender. Essentially, gender inequality is the prejudice that one gender, usually the female, is secondary and subordinate to the more capable and hence superior male gender. Many societies practice gender inequality, with the men reinforcing it and the women passively receiving it, because it is considered part of an enduring patriarchal culture. Deviating from this norm means that one runs the risk of being branded a weak husband or a bad, undeserving wife. Both cases are an embarrassment to the individual and the family. The causes and effects of gender inequality are part of a larger network of social problems that compound the difficulties people face everyday. It is deeply related to other social problems, such as poverty, economic growth and development, and globalization. The World Bank (2001) underscored the notion that gender issues are now more prominent in debates related to development, though the relevance of a gendered perspective in policy-making is yet to be widely understood. Thus, based from its report, gender inequality ought to be considered when drafting developmental policies for poor and developing states because failing to take into account gender roles and relations as well as disparities lead to policies that â€Å"have limited effectiveness† (p. 5). Although gender disparity is characteristic of developing and poor states, it is not restricted to them. This phenomenon is also observed in wealthier and developed regions where both men and women are relatively affluent and do not experience scarcity of resources. In these rich societies, minor but noticeable gender-based discrimination remains. â€Å"Gender discrimination crosses races, classes and ethnicity†¦Ã¢â‚¬  remarks Lucy Bednarek (1998, p. 60) in her article, â€Å"Searching for Equality in a Global Economy. Compared to the gender gap in these wealthier states, gender inequality in poor states poses graver consequences to its citizens. The devalued women and their children feel the pangs of poverty and bear the heavier brunt of economic unproductivity with greater intensity, compared with the men who possess greater freedom, privilege, and economic and political control. As stated by the UN (2004) in Trade and Gender, â€Å"A gendered perspective of development is seen as a difficult enough task,† so that extending the gendered approach to the â€Å"realm of trade† is considered to be an even bigger challenge (55). Yet the organization believes that international trade must assume a gendered approach wherein accelerated economic growth and sustainable development will take place without endangering the well-being of the women and children in the community. The issue of trade has become so important in the consideration of gender equality because the current multilateral trade negotiation and regional trade agreements (RTAs) have pervaded state development policies. Because of these ubiquitous bi- and multilateral negotiations and agreements, governments do not just make decisions solely for the state but also according to the dictates of the global and regional environment or the overall plan of their affiliated economic groups. This environment therefore affects policies on gender; for the UN (2004, 56), â€Å"Every major move in the trading system can have direct or indirect implications for a country’s gender welfare, equity and development goals. † The crime of rape and other forms of violence against women have come into increasing focus in recent years, due in part to the rising prominence of the feminist movement. Rape has come to be widely perceived not only as a means of obtaining sexual gratification but rather as an extreme manner of expressing hostility to women. This broader definition of the term is related to the heightened awareness that far more often than not sexual aggression occurs within the context of courtship or friendship relationships (called â€Å"acquaintance rape† or â€Å"date rape†) or even that of marriage. The recognition that the forms of coercion used by men over women can go beyond direct and overt use of force brings legal theory closer to reality. However, some scholars fear that expanding conceptualization of rape and the imprecise definition of sexual harassment serve to blur the distinction between the sexes, especially between the expanded conceptualization of rape and male initiated seduction. These problems in defining behavior can exacerbate the difficulty in obtaining rape convictions from male jurors who may perceive an uncomfortable similarity between some of their own past actions and those of a defendant in such cases. Clearly, there is heightened sensitivity to the problems of rape and sexual harassment that will lead to accelerated efforts in legal and legislative policy formation. Reflecting this heightened sensitivity is the $1. 6 billion in the 1994 Crime Bill to fund Violence against Women Act. The challenge is to fight rape and harassment in all their forms while protecting the rights of women.

US and Canada Essay -- Economic Relations

Economic relations between Canada and the United States In January 1989, Canada and the US implemented the USA-Canada free trade agreement that marked a major increase in trade among them. Their commerce forms the largest bilateral trading relationship in the world. As a result of the free trade agreement, the economic relationship between them has succeeded and the two economies have become highly interconnected. In 1994, this agreement was partially altered and broadened to include Mexico in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (McKinney 2010). Canada’s economy is geographically divided into economic clusters that have deeper relations with the USA than the rest of Canada. For instance, eight of the ten biggest Canadians cities are within 100 miles of the US border. After the free trade agreement, Canadian economy emerged as more dependent on international trade, and US-Canada trade was in part responsible for that. Canada’s exports of goods and services increased from 25 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 1989 to 43 percent in 2002, and exports to the USA augmented from 18.6 percent to 37.6 percent of GDP during the same period. Canada’s imports of goods and services grew from 25.8 percent to 38.1 percent of GDP. The US share slightly increased from 63.8 to 71.1 percent (McKinney 2010). As an indicator of provinces’ lack of commerce among them, between 1989 and 2002, inter-provincial exports in Canada fell from 22.5 percent to 19.7 percent of GDP. In 2001, 90 percent of Canadian provinces exported more to the USA than to other provinces – only two provinces did so in 1989. Therefore, Canadian economy has been more intertwined with parts of the USA and relatively less linked across provinces (McKinney 2010)... ...nd investment in its oil sands. In fact, the rise in the guaranteed production of oil sands, as the US intends to do, will allow Canada to invest in new technologies to reduce the extraction cost of oil sands. Second, Canada would amend NAFTA to include a privilege treatment with regards to the US board control/access, and solution and/or extinction trade of disputes with the US, such as softwood lumber, agricultural policies and intellectual property rights. Finally, the US would have to reimburse all the energy contracts signed among Canada and China. Clearly the relationship between China and Canada would be seriously deteriorated. As a rising power, China would soon become the greater economy in the world and retaliation would be likely to happen. Although as risky as the first option, this one seems to be worse in the long-run, rather than in the short-run.

Questions and Answers on Copenhagen Climate

In order to talk about the problems which have been discussed and the solutions which have been found during the 2009 Copenhagen climate change summit, first we have to present a few aspects regarding the Kyoto protocol. The Kyoto protocol is a protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC), aimed at fighting global warming. The FCCC is an international environmental treaty with the goal of achieving â€Å"stabilization of greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.† The protocol was initially adopted on 11 December 1997 in Kyoto, Japan and entered into force on 16 February 2005. As of July 2010, 191 states have signed and ratified the protocol. Under the protocol, 37 countries commit themselves to a reduction of four greenhouse gases and two groups of gases produced by them, and all member countries give general commitments. It is also important to mention the fact that the protocol allows several â€Å"flexible mechanisms†, such as emissions trading, the clean development mechanism and joint implementation to allow countries to meet their gas emissions limitations. Therefore, what is the Copenhagen climate change summit and what is its connection to the Kyoto protocol? This is a United Nations climate change conference which took place between 7 and 18 December 2009 in order for the environment ministers and officials to draft a successor to the Kyoto protocol. The meeting, also known as COP15, was the 15th Conference of the Parties (COP) in a long series of meetings that trace their origins to the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio, which aimed at coordinating international action against climate change. Who participated at the summit and who were the main players? At the summit participated officials, heads of state and governments, advisers, diplomats, campaigners and journalists from the 192 countries that have signed the climate change convention. In what concerns the main players, the developing countries such as India and China, emphasized the fact that it should be the responsibility of wealthy industrialized nations such as UK and US to give a clear example of cutting the greenhouse gases emissions. Which were the main points? The main issue was that of â€Å"burden-sharing†. More precisely, the scientists stated that, by 2050, the world must cut its emissions by 80% compared with 1990 levels to limit global warming to a 2 degrees C average rise. More than that, the world must stop the growth of greenhouse gas emissions and start making them fall around the year 2015 to 2020. Another important issue was money. The developed countries must be aware of the fact that they have to give hundreds of billions of dollars to poorer nations, in order to help them achieve these standards. But the issue gains in gravity if we take into consideration the recent economic crisis. Which were the results of this meeting? 1. The participants recognized the great challenge of climate change, the need for an urgent programme to fight this problem and the need to establish a comprehensive adaptation programme including international support for the developing countries. They also recognized officially the scientific view that the increase in global temperature should be below 2 degrees C in order to prevent a natural disaster worldwide. 2. They agree to the fact that deep cuts in global emissions are absolutely necessarily. However, these cuts should be made taken taking into consideration the possibilities of each and every country. We have to understand the fact that, for poorer countries, problems such as poverty eradication and economic development are far more important. 3. They recognize the fact that the developed countries shall provide adequate, predictable and sustainable financial resources, technology and capacity building to the less developed countries. 4. They acknowledge the crucial role of reducing emission from deforestation and forest degradation. 5. They decided to create a fund, called the Copenhagen Green Climate Fund, in order to finance all the initiatives mentioned above and a Technology Mechanism to accelerate the technology development, as well as its transfer to the poorer countries. 6. They decided that the implementation of the Accord shall be completed by the end of 2015. In my opinion, this meeting was a success, especially because those who were present, the people who can actually make a change, finally understand the gravity of the problem the humankind is facing. The problem remains: how are they going to implement these measures, when most of them are afraid of their impact on the economic development of the country? As Upton Sinclair once said: â€Å"It is difficult to get a man to understand something when his salary depends upon his not understanding it.†

Piero Della Francesca and the Use of Geometry in His Art Essay

Piero della Francesca and the use of geometry in his art This paper takes a look at the art work of Piero della Francesca and, in particular, the clever use of geometry in his work; there will be a diagram illustrating this feature of his work at the end of this essay. To begin, the paper will explore one of the geometric proofs worked out in art by Piero and, in the process of doing so, will capture his exquisite command of geometry as geometry is expressed – or can be expressed – in art. By looking at some of Piero’s most noteworthy works, we also can see the skilful geometry behind them. For instance, the Flagellation of Christ is characterized by the fact that the frame is a root-two rectangle; significantly, Piero manages to ensure that Christ’s head is at the center of the original square, which requires a considerable amount of geometric know-how, as we shall see. In another great work, Piero uses the central vertical and horizontal zones to symboli cally reference the resurrection of Christ and also his masterful place in the hierarchy that distinguishes God from Man. Finally, Bussagli presents a sophisticated analysis of Piero’s, Baptism of Christ that reveals the extent to which the man employed different axes in order to create works that reinforced the Trinitarian message of the scriptures. Overall, his work is a compelling display of how the best painting inevitably requires more than a little mathematics. Piero is noteworthy for us today because he was keen to use perspective painting in his artwork. He offered the world his treatise on perspective painting entitled, De Prospectiva Pingendi (On the perspective for painting). The series of perspective problems posed and solved builds from the simple to the complex: in Book I, Piero introduces the idea that the apparent size of the object is its angle subtended at the eye; he refers to Euclid’s Elements Books I and VI (and to Euclid’s Optics) and, in Proposition 13, he explores the representation of a square lying flat on the ground before the viewer. To put a complex matter simply, a horizontal square with side BC is to be viewed from point A, which is above the ground plane and in front of the square, over point D. The square is supposed to be horizontal, but it is shown as if it had been raised up and standing vertically; the construction lines AC and AG cut the vertical side BF in points E and H, respectively. BE, subtending the same angle at A as the horizontal side BC, represents the height occupied by the square in the drawing. EH, subtending the same angle at A as the far side of the square (CG) constitutes the length of that side of the square drawn. According to Piero, the artist can then draw parallels to BC through A and E and locate a point A on the first of these to represent the viewer’s position with respect to the edge of the square designated BC. Finally, the aspiring artist reading Piero’s treatise can draw A’B and A’C, cutting the parallel through E at D’ and E’. Piero gives the following proof in illustrating his work: Theorem: E’D’ = EH. This simple theorem is described as the first new European theorem in geometry since Fibonacci (Petersen, para.8-12). It is not for nothing that some scholars have described Piero as being an early champion of, and innovator in, primary geometry (Evans, 385). The Flagellation of Christ is a classic instance of Piero’s wonderful command of geometry at work. Those who have looked at this scrupulously detailed and planned work note that the dimensions of the painting are as follows: 58.4 cm by 81.5 cm; this means that the ratio of the sides stands at 1.40 ~ 21/2. If one were to swing arc EB from A, one ends up with a square (this will all be illustrated at the very end of this paper in the appendices). Thus, to cut to the core of the matter, the width of the painting equals the diagonal of the square, thereby verifying that the frame is a root-two rectangle. Scholars further note that the diagonal, AE, of the square mentioned above passes through the V, which happens to be the vanishing point of perspective. Additionally, in square ATVK we find that the arc KT from A cuts the diagonal at Christ’s head, F, halfway up the painting; this essentially means that Christ’s head is at the center of the original square, (Calter, slide 14.2). A visual depiction of the geometry of the Flagellation of Christ is located in the appendices of this paper. Paul Calter has provided us with some of the best descriptions of how Piero cleverly uses geometry to create works of enduring beauty, symmetry and subtlety. He takes a great deal of time elaborating upon Piero’s Resurrection of Christ (created between 1460-1463) in which Piero employs the square format to great effect. Chiefly stated, the painting is constructed as a square and the square format gives a mood of overall stillness to the finished product. Christies located exactly on center and this, too, gives the final good a sense of overall stillness. The central vertical divides the scene with winter on left and summer on the right; clearly, the demarcation is intended to correlate the rebirth of nature with the rebirth of Christ. Finally, Calter notes that horizontal zones are manifest in the work: the painting is actually divided into three horizontal bands and Christ occupies the middle band, with his head and shoulders reaching into the upper band of sky. The guards are in the zone below the line marked by Christ’s foot (Calter, slide 14.3). In the appendix of this paper one can bear witness to the quiet geometry at play in the work by looking at the finished product. One other work of Piero’s that calls attention to his use of geometry is the Baptism of Christ. In a sophisticated analysis, Bussagli writes that there are two ideal axes that shape the entire composition: the first axis is central, paradigmatic and vertical; the second axis is horizontal and perspective oriented. The first one, according to Bussagli coordinates the characters related to the Gospel episode and thus to the Trinitarian epiphany; the second axis indicates the human dimension – where the story takes place – and intersects with the divine, as represented by the figure of Christ. To elaborate on the specifics of the complex first axis, Bussagli writes that Piero placed the angels that represent the trinity, the catechumen about to receive the sacrament, and the Pharisees on the perspective directed horizontal axis (Bussagli, 12). The end result is that the Trinitarian message is reinforced in a way that never distracts or detracts from the majesty of t he actual composition. To end, this paper has looked at some of Piero Della Francesca’s most impressive works and at the astounding way in which Piero uses geometry to impress his religious vision and sensibilities upon those fortunate enough to gaze upon his works. Piero had a subtle understanding of geometry and geometry, in his hands, becomes a means of telling a story that might otherwise escape the notice of the casual observer. In this gentleman’s work, the aesthetic beauty of great art, the penetrating logic of exact mathematics, and the devotion of the truly committed all come together as one. Source: Calter, Paul. â€Å"Polyhedra and plagiarism in the Renaissance.† 1998. 25 Oct. 2011 http://www.dartmouth.edu/~matc/math5.geometry/unit13/unit13.html#Francesca Appendix B: visual illustration of the Resurrection of Christ [pic] Source: Source: Calter, Paul. â€Å"Polyhedra and plagiarism in the Renaissance.† 1998. 25 Oct. 2011 http://www.dartmouth.edu/~matc/math5.geometry/unit13/unit13.html#Francesca Works Cited: Bussagli, Marco. Piero Della Francesca. Italy: Giunti Editore, 1998. Calter, Paul. â€Å"Polyhedra and plagiarism in the Renaissance.† 1998. 25 Oct. 2011 http://www.dartmouth.edu/~matc/math5.geometry/unit13/unit13.html#Francesca Evans, Robin. The Projective Cast: Architecture and its three geometries. USA: MIT Press, 1995. Petersen, Mark. â€Å"The Geometry of Piero Della Francesca.† Math across the Curriculum. 1999. 25 Oct. 2011 http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/mac/Italian/geometry.shtml

Support for carers of people with schizophrenia The WritePass Journal

Support for carers of people with schizophrenia Introduction: Support for carers of people with schizophrenia Introduction:Definition of carers:  Brief understanding of schizophrenia:Summary  CONCLUSIONRelated Introduction: This literature review will be based on finding evidence for the support received by carers of people with schizophrenia, the focus of this document will be specific to 24 year old male diagnosed with schizophrenia and living at home with parents. For confidentiality purposes, patient will tae on assumed name of Alex. Alex is 24 years of age and was diagnosed with schizophrenia at the age of 19 whilst in university. He had admitted to use of illicit drugs (crack cocaine and cannabis) he ha also stated that he at times was able to consume a bottle of voda in one night. On admission, Alex was presenting with delusional thoughts of persecution, paranoia and thought disorders. Alex is being discharged from hospital and is going back home to stay with parents who will be his main carers. Corcerns raised were, what support they will receive in the community from health practitioners with regards to coping psychologically, physically, socially and economically Definition of carers: Carers can be defined as family members, partners or friends who provide unpaid support to people who experience illness, disability or frailty(Hancock and Jarvis 1994).Although Stalker (2003) makes a distinction between informal helpers and those who take on major responsibilities, Rethink (2006) proposes that all people providing substantive care should be defined as carers. In the UK, half a million people care for people with severe mental illnesses (Princess Royal Trust for Carers 2002) with 40 per cent living with those for whom they care (Rethink 2006). Carers UK (2008) estimates that carers save the economy  £87 billion a year. Of people with schizophrenia, 60 per cent live with significant others (Hughes et al 1996) and the same proportion return home to their families after their first admissions (MacMillan et al 1986).Many carers describe their role as a burden. Caring can disrupt their lives, restrict the activities in which they can take part, bring financial hardship, and reduce their time and energy to take part in paid work (Ferriter and Huband 2003, Oyebode 2003).Meanwhile, by focusing on the mental illnesses of the people they care for, carers can neglect their own social support networks, leaving them isolated (Rose et al 2002).   Brief understanding of schizophrenia: Schizophrenia is a mental illness that affects about one in a hundred people at some point in life. The first acute episode where symptoms of schizophrenia are experienced can be a devastating experience, particularly as both the person experiencing the illness and their family and friends will be unprepared. The highest incidence of first experience of an episode is in the late teens and early 20s, which is a time of change anyway, making it difficult to understand what is happening to a relative or friend who is developing schizophrenia.(Rethink 2011) Research The search for research articles were focused on carers, schizophrenia, carers support and nurses support for carers and patients. National and international research surrounding this topic were sought, the search was narrowed down to between 1999 and 2011. Electronic databases and interenet sources such as google academia were searched as well as websites of ey organnisations such as Mind, Rethink, NHS choices, Sainsburys Centre for Mental Health. Other searches were carried out at the university library and its digital library such as CINHAL, psychINFO and British nursing index. Researh article on this topic were a total of 1435 hits, this was narrowd down to   specific search and this generated 213 hits. 10 researh article were chosen read, evaluated and out of that six research article were determined and selected to be relevant and signnficant contribution for this literature review. Research articles used in this essay are qualitative and quantitative. 4 are qualitative and 2 quantitative. In all six article nurses were chosen at random to help in the support of carers. In all research articles, in depth interviews were conducted to collect data, these were recorded on audio tapes and in field notes. Interviews were focussed on the views of carers concerning nurses, and nurses concerning carers. Summary The research   article reviews the findings of a study of the views of 13 carers of people self-identified as having schizophrenia on the nature and extent of their role, and its effect on their lives and identities. According to these findings,carers experience stress and illness, and thinkthat the support they receive from professionals is inadequate. As a result, they think that help and psychotherapeutic interventions, such as family therapy, should be more accessible. The purpose of the research articles were to identify the support needed by carers of people with schizophrenia. On reading the research articles, it was noted that Mental Health nurses and carers were used as samples in the reseach work. RESEARCH 1 Registered Mental Health Nurses aged between22 years and 51 years with clinical experience ranging from1 to 14 years. The sample consists 10 nurses, nine being female and one male. Three were charge nurses and six staff nurses. One nurse moved on to a managerial post leaving nine nurses in the research. They were assigned a client each with the carer   of that particular client. Nine carers received support. Community based psychiatric nurse in Taiwan gathered data on the coping experiences of carers living with and taking care of someone who has a family member with schizophrenia were compiled. The   carers selected needed to be the major caregivers and the patient must have had clinically diagnosed schizophrenia for at least one year and carers had to have been living with the patient for at least one year since the onset of the illness. The sample size comprised 10 carers (five men and five women). All of the carers were contacted by their community home care nurses first to gain consent to participate in this study. The other four remaining research articles used a sample of nurses and carers which comprised in the range of 10- 30. Findings; In the research articles two types of burdens were broadly discussed, these being objective and subjective burdens. Many carers describe their role as a burden.Of people with schizophrenia, 60 percent live with their significant others (hughes et al 1996) and the same proportion return hometo their families after their first admissions(MacMillan et al 1986). Van Wijngaarden et al (2000) state that ,these burdens are described as ‘objective’ burdens because their effects can be measured by others. However, many carers experience ‘subjective’ burdens, which can be measured only by the carers themselves. These subjective burdens can include depression, feelings of anxiety, and a sense of loss, particularly in those for whom family life has become chaotic and disorderly (Karp and Tanarugsachock 2000). Those who have become isolated often feel vulnerable (Rose et al 2002) and, in 625,000 carers in the UK, the stress of caring has even led to mental or physical illnesses (Carers UK 2008).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Carers’ main objective burden concerns lack of employment and finance (Magliano et al 2005, Sreeja et al 2009) and the main form of practical help carers need is more responsive and user-friendly support services. Carers’ subjective burdens include feelings of chronic stress, isolation, despair, fear and exhaustion(Ward-Griffin and McKeever 2000), and healthcare professionals can respond to these by offering carers more psychotherapeutic interventions, including family therapy, to help them cope and to reduce disruption in the home. Carers have an enormous amount of responsibilit for the welfare and managementof people with a mental illnessin Britain (Cuijpers, 1999). This is recognized in recent Government policies that stipulate the support required to enable carers to continue caring (Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN), 1998; Department of Health (DOH,2000). Further findings were the perception of health professional about carers and vice versa were varied in the research artilcle . These are in bullet points below. Their view of carers and health and social care professional were at odds with each. Below in bullet points were some of the thoughts expressed: Carers are of the view that Health care professionals must engage with carers rather than criticise them for notconforming to professional assumptions. The study also shows that the burden of care is rarely taken up fairly. Most major responsibilitiesare usually taken on by one person, and the chancesthat this person is male or female are fairly even. However, the burden of care can be greater forwomen, who are often assumed to be the maincarers for all of their family members, not only for the people with schizophrenia. Healthcare professionals, more specifically mental health nurses, need to   understand that their views and perceptions of mental illness, the appropriate care for people with mental health problems, and those of the carers, differ. They should also understand that, to support carers appropriately, they must provide practical help: for example, more support for carers of mental health patients. In the literature, moreover, health and socialcare professionals characterise the role ofcarers as ‘overprotective’ (Croydon-Smith 1982,Haddock et al 2003). With half a million people in the UK caring for peoplewith severe mental illnesses, (Princess Royal Trustfor Carers 2002) this article research article also identified the findings of a study of the views of 13 carers of peple clinically diagnosed as having schizophrenia on the nature and extent of their role, and its effect on their lives and identities. These views are in bullet points below According to these findings,carers experience stress and illness, and thinkthat the support they receive from professionals isinadequate. As a result, they think that help and psychotherapeutic interventions, such as family therapy, should be more accessible. Participants also thought that their perceptionsof schizophrenia and of those who have thecondition differ from those of health and social care professionals, and that this difference addedto their burdens.   For instance, one participant said of what he and the healthcare professionals he encountered thought was best for his son: ‘As far as I was concerned, he needed to be in hospital, but they would not agree.’ Another participant made a related point about the care given to her daughter: ‘Sometimes,the hospital staff would give advice. They said,â€Å"involve her in your decisions†, but we thought thiswas a terrible idea. She could not think properly.She was unable to.’ One carer was angry at healthcare professionalsbecause they appeared to override his concernsabout his wife, saying: ‘The psychiatrist said to mywife, â€Å"Do you want to come in to the hospital?† and she said â€Å"No†. I was amazed because the doctor agreed with her. I told them about her behaviourin the house but it was not my decision. It was her decision.’ Some participants’ relationships with healthcareprofessionals were unsatisfactory for practical reasons. For example, one said of his wife: ‘It was unfair to leave her to me. These nurses start their shifts, do eight hours and then go home. I had it 24 hours a day.’ Another said, also of his wife: ‘I tried so hard to care for her, but the community psychiatric nurse did nothing to help.’ Other staff also came in for criticism, with oneparticipant commenting on healthcare professionals’ lack of understanding and availability in caring for her son: ‘He would go berserk and, I called the doctor and the social worker. But they came and said he did not need sectioning.’ Those who have become isolated often feelvulnerable (Rose et al 2002) and, in 625,000 carersin the UK, the stress of caring has even led to mental or physical illnesses (Carers UK 2008). Findings:Who becomes the carer? Typically, one person in each family had become the main carer,which means that the burdens of caring were not shared equally. Nearly half of the participants inthe study were male carers, although some of thesereported that extra burdens of caring had been placed on their daughters.One male carer said of his daughter, who had taken on some of the routine caring role: ‘I felt bad enough that my oldest girl was doing all the work around the house. There was time for all this when she was a married woman.’ Another male carer said of his eldest daughter:‘She looked after the youngest when her motherwas sick. She seemed to know her mother was mentally ill. She had to grow up quick to do thingsround the house.’ The objective burden Generally, carers tended toidentify the burden of caring in practical terms,citing the need to undertake tasks such as cooking,cleaning, housework and shopping, and of ensuring that the people they cared for were not left alone. gets one a day. For some participants, providing practical carewas a major challenge. ‘He has become extremely difficult to control. More than difficult. It is worse now.Over a period of time, he has got worse. He actuallyattacked his dad. There was a widely held belief among participantsthat the people they care for are unable to cope withtheir illnesses, and have become irrational. One said,for example: ‘I was worried about leaving her alone in case she got it all wrong and did something stupid.Some days she cannot take care of herself.’ Another reported: ‘I had to take care of her andprotect her. She could not cope. I could not leave heralone, she was too sick.’There was a perception among participants thatthe people they care for are in a position analogousto that of children. my wife and I could not leave her. It was like she wasa child again.’ A participant whose family had become carerssaid: ‘We could not leave her alone because she mightdo something. She is ill. We cared about her.’ And a carer said of her son: ‘I think I must takecare of him. It is like the umbilical cord is still there.’ The subjective burden Participants also mentionedthe subjective burden of caring. All of them saidthat they had experienced anxiety, some saidthey felt depressed and others that they feltconstantly sad. Most of them also felt angry,although a few had become resignedtotheir situations. Most paticipants also reported physicalproblems such as headaches, stomach pains orconstant tiredness, often caused by insomnia. One participant’s comment that she felt ‘tired,drained and worn out’ was typical. Some participants said that the people they caredfor had changed so much because of their illnessthat they had become unrecognisable, and that thesechanges added to the burden of caring.One participant said of her son: ‘He is not my sonany more. He is just some creature, some monster. I told the social worker, â€Å"I am tired, I cannot have my son living with me much longer†. I have forgottenwhat it means to have a normal life. I have taken tolocking my bedroom door when my husband is away. I am afraid of my son.’The realisation among participants that the hopes they had once invested in the people they care forwould not now be fulfilled was a further cause ofdistress. Views of health and social care professionals. Over the last 20 years, a number of initiativesaimed at supporting carers of people with mental illness have been developed,many of them involving nurses (Leff andVaughn, 1985; Hatfield, 1990; Falloon et al, 1993; Atkinson and Coia, 1995).   The number of sessions delivered by the nurses ranged between 1 and 12 and the duration varied between 45 minutesand 2 hours. Eight carers requested homevisits, and one nurse met the carer in a private room withinthe hospital. The number of sessions varied in response to carers’ needs. Some had few support needs but still found it helpful to talk about carer related issues. Carers reportingmore complex needs required more intensive support.   CONCLUSION Training nurses to support carers of peoplediagnosed with schizophrenia appears to have been overlooked in some psychosocial intervention programmes. The research articles outline how a training programmefor nurses, based on the work of Nolan et al (1999), and building on training developed by Atkinson and Coia (1995), was developed. This has helped formulate a needs-led support service for carers whose relatives arc diagnosed with schizophrenia.The key components of the support arc thoroughneeds assessment and meetingneeds through agreement and careful planningwith carers.Nurses should work in partnership withcarers in order to achieve these aims, and this is dependent on mutual respect of eachothers status and expertise. The present study will allow evaluation onhow far the training programme enables nursesto meet carers needs, and how confident the nurses are in offering support to carers.Carers views are important concerning theappropriateness of the support programmein meeting their needs. Following this study,training and intervention will be refined. As such, it represents the first phase of aresearch programme investigating rhe trainingneeds of nurses and the usefulness of support for carers. Current United Kingdom (UK) health and social care policiesplace the needs of carers to the fore on the service provision agenda (Hancock Jarvis 1994, Department of Health[DoH] 1999a, 1999b). Commitment towards care in thecommunity explicitly relies and builds on the family system toprovide unpaid support to clients (James 1992, Nolan et al. 1999, Hirst Arksey 2000, Nolan 2001). Evidence,however, consistently indicates that carers’ needs for support remain largely ignored by health professionals (James 1992,Twigg Atkin 1994, Atkinson Coia 1995, Henwood1998, Rose 1998, Warner Wexler 1998, Hatfield 2000, Nolan 2001). Further, the most effective ways of meetingcarers’ needs remain unclear (Nolan et al. 1995, Rose 1998,Clinical Standards Board for Scotland [CSBS] 2001). If professional support offered to carers is to improve then health service professionals, including nurses, need to develop their understanding of carers’ needs and develop interventions to meet these needs (Atkinson Coia 1995, Casey1995, Nolan et al. 1995, Kellett Mannion 1999, Hatfield 2000, Magorrian 2001). Background The research studies focus on the primary carer: i.e. a family ornonfamily member who provides care or support to someonediagnosed with schizophrenia and is living in the community. Evidence indicates that caring for a relative diagnosed with schizophrenia can be stressful and may result in increasedburden (Cuijpers 1999). The UK National Strategy for Carersrecognizes this and introduced measures to support carers(DoH 1999b). The National Framework for Mental HealthEngland (DoH 1999a) places high priority on carers. Arisingfrom this, clinical standards were set for the professionalsupport of carers of people diagnosed with schizophrenia within Scotland (CSBS 2001).There is a lack of robust evidence on the most effectivemeans of providing support to these carers (DoH 1999a, CSBS 2001, CSBS 2002). As a result, the clinical standardsfail to indicate how carer support should be achieved. Keyfindings from a national review of clinical standards forschizophrenia (Scotland) (CSBS 2002), found that while someinnovative practices existed a comprehensive range of serviceswas lacking. A review of support interventions for carers of people diagnosed with schizophrenia indicates that mostprofessional support has an educational focus (Mari Streiner 1994). However, carers also want emotional andpractical support (CSBS 2002). Not surprisingly, many carersreport that their needs are ignored or given low priority(Nolan et al. 1994, Twigg Atkin 1994, Wray 1994, Atkinson Coia 1995, Chambers et al. 2001). Spaniol(1987) and Milleken (2001) suggest that professionals are often unaware of carer needs and level of service dissatisfaction.Nolan and Grant (1989) highlight that this may lead toirrelevant support and Walker and Dewer (2001) indicatethat this may result in misunderstandings that can increase carer stress and dissatisfaction and inhibit them from seeking further help Complex needs arose from the carers mental health or family problems, social isolation, the client’s mental health problems or admission to hospital. Carers experienced no difficulties arranging sessions with a nurse. Nurses accounts of practice working collaboratively with carers Prior to training, nurses described their contact with carers as largely occurring during crisis or when carers required specificinformation about the client. Nurses described the nature of this contact as informal, ad hoc and unstructured, with no guarantee that carers received the input that they needed. None of the nurses had prior training in carer support and reported that their basic training had not preparedthem to work with carers. A key practice outcome was that nurses work collaboratively with carers. To achieve this nurses had to: listen to andacknowledge the carers’ perspective; remove barriers preventing carers from openly communicating with them; acknowledge the expertise of the carer and adopt an expert to expert approach in their interactions with the carer. Following training, most nurses found working collaboratively with carers to be one of the easiest aspects of their practice. Before I used to think I was the expert. I was there to give information. Now I am more prepared to listen to what carers have to say. I learned a lot from (carer). I really did, about the illness. It is not that I didn’t know about it but I learned what it is like, I suppose, for somebody caring 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. The purpose of the study was to understand the coping experiences of carers living with a family member with schizophrenia by describing their experiences through a qualitative phenomenological approach. Our research may be a valuable reference for mental health professionals seeking to improve the quality of care for people with schizophrenia and their carers.

Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother

In a study of 50 Hispanic American mothers and 48 Chinese immigrants' mothers, nearly 70% of Western mothers said that it is not good for children to emphasize student success or parents In contrast, about 0% of Chinese mothers have the same emotion. Conversely, most Chinese mothers think that their children are best students I believe we can be. They failed at school, then there was a problem, and their parents did not do their job .... Chinese parents spend about ten times on school activities a day. The war song of Tiger Mama sings a song that caused a global parenting debate about the mother 's strict parenting. Amy Chua believes that raising children in the West will respect and train the child's personality. Tiger Mothers Battle Song records Kay's decision to raise her daughter, Sophia and Lulu Chinese way - and the convincing and sometimes painful results her choices cause. Tiger Mama's battle song is a painful, sincere and profound challenge, one of the most noteworthy books in our time. Tiger Mothers Battle Song is a book published in 2011 by American writer and lawyer Amy Chua. It quickly promoted the concept and terminology of Tiger Mother and became the source of inspiration for Singapore's TV program Tiger Mother in 2014-2015. In 2015, the mother of the mainland Chinese drama tiger, and the Hong Kong series tiger's mother blues 2017. In an article published on Wall Street Journal under the heading Wall Street Journal on January 8, 2011, an excerpt from her book is included. This work has become the point of controversy. Many readers have missed so-called satire and humor that is not self-explanatory in the title and the work itself, but claim that Chua was concrete and very strict and ethnically defined. Advantage of parenting method Actually, Tua says that this book is not a manual of operation method but a self-critical memoir.

What can be done to solve the problems caused by international tourism Essay

What can be done to solve the problems caused by international tourism - Essay Example 39). When it comes to resource usage, international tourism puts pressure on the available natural resources due to increased consumption. Water is one of the resources that is overused for swimming pools, hotels and golf courses among other uses. Secondly, resource usage creates pressure on the local resources such as food, energy and raw materials. Finally, international tourism may lead to land degradation, where the need for recreational and tourism facilities has put pressure on forests, minerals, wetlands and wildlife (Sunlu, 2003 p. 264). The second aspect is pollution, and the main forms of pollution include air pollution, solid waste discharge and sewage pollution. Just as there are varied impacts of international tourism on the environment, so are the solutions. Some of the key strategies that can be used are discussed. First, many have called for the development of Environmental Education, which aims at making the local populations aware and conscious of their environment (Skanavis & Sakellari, 2011 p. 241). Such programs target the tourists and teach them on how best to enjoy their holidays/vacations without causing significant damage to the environment. This appears to be the most effective way since it places the idea of environmental conservation in the hands of the locals and the tourists themselves who are the major stakeholders in this industry. Secondly, there is need for governments and local authorities to put measures in place that will promote responsible and sustainable forms of tourism (Borelli & Brogna, 2000 p. 8). Through this approach, the government can regulate the types of tourist activities that take place in the country . This will also control the materials/products brought into the country by the tourists which could harm the environment. Since this is a legislative approach, there is the likelihood that political interference might derail the formulation of necessary laws. If such legislation or